英语翻译Following a long literature,the preceding discussion takes policies as exogenous and asks:how would economic outcomes have differed in the absence of the policies actually observed?In the same way that new growth models endogenize technic

来源:学生作业帮助网 编辑:作业帮 时间:2024/05/12 20:27:44

英语翻译Following a long literature,the preceding discussion takes policies as exogenous and asks:how would economic outcomes have differed in the absence of the policies actually observed?In the same way that new growth models endogenize technic
英语翻译
Following a long literature,the preceding discussion takes policies as exogenous and asks:how would economic outcomes have differed in the absence of the policies actually observed?In the same way that new growth models endogenize technical change,new political-economy models endogenize policies.One tradition – the so-called adding-machine model – takes policies as a function of the self-interest of sectors or factors of production (Moravcsik,1998; Frieden,2006).The EEC developed the CAP as one of its first accomplishments because agriculture was still an important source of employment and production in the 1950s and 1960s.Or it adopted a Social Charter enshrining the rights of workers because workers were numerous and well organized through Social Democratic parties and trade union organizations.Or it eventually mandated free capital mobility because financial capital became increasingly influential.The common element in these applications is that policies flow from the sectoral composition of activity,and the sectoral composition of activity flows from factor proportions.Thus,unless the policies of European integration have a first-order impact on,say,the capital/labour ratio,they cannot have a first-order impact on policies.

英语翻译Following a long literature,the preceding discussion takes policies as exogenous and asks:how would economic outcomes have differed in the absence of the policies actually observed?In the same way that new growth models endogenize technic
在一大堆资料之后,上述讨论把这些政策认定为外生的并提出质疑:在落实这些政策的前提下,经济产出会与没有这些政策有何不同?与新增长模型蕴涵技术变革一样,新政治经济模型包含着政策因素.一种传统说法,即所谓的加法机模型,将政策当做是生产部门或者生产要素利己功能的一种体现(Moravcsik,1998; Frieden,2006).欧洲经济共同体将共同农业政策视为其最早的成就之一,因为在五六十年代,农业依然是就业和生产的重要源泉.又如,欧共体推行保障工人权利的社会宪章是因为,工人数量众多且通过社会民主党和工会得到了很好的组织.再如,欧共体最终批准资本自由流动是因为金融资本的影响力日增.这些具体案例共同的一点是,政策源于行业活动的构成,而行业活动的构成源于要素比例的构成.因此,除非欧洲一体化的方针对,比如说资本/劳动比率,有重大的影响,否则这些方针无法对政策造成重大影响.

在一个长篇幅的论述之后,上述的讨论把政策作为外在因素,并提出疑问:在没有对政策进行实际解读的情况下,经济成果会有怎样的不同?新的增长模式从内部促进技术改革,新的政治经济模式以同样的方式从内部促进政策的出台。一个惯例——所谓的“加法机”模式——把政策作为产品利己方面的一个功能(Moravcsik, 1998; Frieden, 2006)。EEC开发出CAP作为它的第一项成果,因为在上世纪50年代到...

全部展开

在一个长篇幅的论述之后,上述的讨论把政策作为外在因素,并提出疑问:在没有对政策进行实际解读的情况下,经济成果会有怎样的不同?新的增长模式从内部促进技术改革,新的政治经济模式以同样的方式从内部促进政策的出台。一个惯例——所谓的“加法机”模式——把政策作为产品利己方面的一个功能(Moravcsik, 1998; Frieden, 2006)。EEC开发出CAP作为它的第一项成果,因为在上世纪50年代到六十年代,农业仍然是工作岗位和产品的一个主要来源。或者它采用社会宪章来铭记工人的权利,因为工人数量庞大,并且通过贸易联盟组织和社会民主政党很好的组织了起来。或者由于金融资本的影响力越来越大,它最终受委任进行进行自由资本可动性的管理。这些应用中的共同因素是政策根据行为的部门构成变化,而行为部门构成跟着因素比例变化。这样,只有欧洲综合政策在资本劳动比率方面有了一级指令的冲击,他们才能够对政策产生相应的改变。
晕了,这个实在是太太太专业了,都不知道在说什么,自己翻译的,凑合看吧

收起

从长久的文化背景看,前面的讨论是将政策作为外部因素,那么这就有一个问题:经济成果在不同政策背景下得到实际观测?同样的,新的增长模式会内生化到技术变革,新的政治经济模式会内生化到政策。传统的所谓的加入机模型将政策作为自己的职能部门或生产要素的利益的保证工具(穆拉维斯克,1998年;弗里登,2006)。欧洲经济共同体将共同农业政策作为其最重要的成就之一是因为农业在50年代和60年代仍然是一个就业和生产...

全部展开

从长久的文化背景看,前面的讨论是将政策作为外部因素,那么这就有一个问题:经济成果在不同政策背景下得到实际观测?同样的,新的增长模式会内生化到技术变革,新的政治经济模式会内生化到政策。传统的所谓的加入机模型将政策作为自己的职能部门或生产要素的利益的保证工具(穆拉维斯克,1998年;弗里登,2006)。欧洲经济共同体将共同农业政策作为其最重要的成就之一是因为农业在50年代和60年代仍然是一个就业和生产的重要来源。或者,它通过了一项社会宪章来神化工人的权利,因为工人的数量众多并且由社会各民主党派和工会组织领导。因为金融资本变得越来越有影响力,这项宪章最终同意了资本的自由流动。在这些应用中常见的是政策起源于社会活动的部门组成,而社会活动的部门组成起源于社会要素比例。因此,除非欧洲一体化的政策对资本/劳动力的比率产生直接影响,否则他们不能对社会政策产生直接的影响。

收起

Paraphrase the following sentences.1.Building the wall took a long time.1.Building the wall took a long time. 英语翻译 the following dialogue is between hanmei and a visitor 英语作文...英语翻译...有没会的?4. TranslationDirections: translate each of the following sentencesfrom English to Chinese.1) Hehas sympathy for all poor people.2) Talkingfor a long time makes me tired.3) Theman-made satellite made by Chin 英语翻译Following a long literature,the preceding discussion takes policies as exogenous and asks:how would economic outcomes have differed in the absence of the policies actually observed?In the same way that new growth models endogenize technic have a long sieep.的英语翻译 a long week of classes 英语翻译 英语翻译_____ for a long time 英语翻译1 he stressed the importance of following the age-old saying be king for everyone you meet is facing a hard battle2 she hated the thought of being so far from me3 as long as i make a great effort to be a motivated4 it was unlikely that me 英语翻译21.If a match box is 0.17 feet long,what is its length in inches the most closely comparable to the following?A.5 1/16 inch highlighter B.3 1/8 inch jewelry box C.2 3/4 inch lipstick D.2 3/16 inch staple remover E.4 1/2 inch calculator 英语翻译what long time 和 what a long time的区别 英语翻译Which word of the following has a different stress from the other?请翻译中文, 英语翻译just一句话What I am following is not a post,but loneliness.是什么意思 英语翻译which of the following is a statement of opinion rather than of fact? 英语翻译Following the teacher's suggestion,Tom finally found a way to settle the problem. 英语翻译xx Shall take a proactive approach with implementing the following check list of responsibilities. 英语翻译Enjoy the following comparison,starting with quite a big object,our own moon. 英语翻译You are required to write a 2,500 report that addresses the following tasks 英语翻译The following are a small selection of those available这是啥意思嘞?